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Countrywide and Bear Stearns Started the Year’s Slide into Financial Crisis

We look back at this year's bad economic news in the United States. Economic growth was expected to slow in two thousand eight. Housing prices had been falling in the United States since two thousand six. But few economists predicted the financial collapse only a few months away.


New York University economist Nouriel Roubini speaking in New York earlier this year
Yet, Nouriel Roubini, a professor of economics at New York University, did just that. In two thousand six, he told economists at the International Monetary Fund that the United States would likely face a housing crisis. He also predicted decreased consumer spending, high oil prices and a deep recession.

The year started with troubling economic news. Countrywide, the nation's largest mortgage lender, was in trouble. It was one of the biggest holders of risky subprime home loans. It had lost billions of dollars in bad loans the year before. Bank of America offered to buy Countrywide for four billion dollars in January. The deal was approved in June.

With the economy slowing, Congress passed a bill in February designed to ease the economic slowdown. The bill returned over one hundred fifty billion dollars to taxpayers, but did little to aid growth.

The first major sign of the financial crisis developing on Wall Street came in March with the collapse of Bear Stearns. It was once the fifth largest investment bank. But Bear Stearns was forced to sell itself to J.P. Morgan Chase bank in a government-negotiated deal. Bear Stearns had invested heavily in securities based on risky home loans.

During the summer, prices for goods such as precious metals and oil set records. Oil hit an all-time high of over one hundred forty-seven dollars a barrel on July eleventh. As a result, Americans started driving less. They rejected fuel-hungry vehicles that Detroit carmakers had been selling profitably for years.

In September, the government was forced to take control of America's two biggest housing finance companies, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The companies hold trillions of dollars in mortgage-related securities. But concerns about their value meant that creditors were unwilling to lend to them. The rescue of Fannie and Freddie signaled the start of a severe credit crisis that would shake world financial markets.

And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report written by Mario Ritter. Listen again next week for more about this year's economic news. I'm Steve Ember.

from:www.voanews.com

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1.mortgage: lender's security for a debt.

2.Bear Stearns:based in New York City, was one of the largest
global investment banks and securities trading and brokerage firms

3.risky home loan:風險性高的房貸

4.mortgage-related security:
What Does Mortgage-Backed Security - MBS Mean?
A type of asset-backed security that is secured by a mortgage or collection of mortgages. These securities must also be grouped in one of the top two ratings as determined by a accredited credit rating agency, and usually pay periodic payments that are similar to coupon payments. Furthermore, the mortgage must have originated from a regulated and authorized financial institution.
Also known as a "mortgage-related security" or a "mortgage pass through".
Investopedia explains Mortgage-Backed Security - MBS...
When you invest in a mortgage-backed security you are essentially lending money to a home buyer or business. An MBS is a way for a smaller regional bank to lend mortgages to its customers without having to worry about whether the customers have the assets to cover the loan. Instead, the bank acts as a middleman between the home buyer and the investment markets.
This type of security is also commonly used to redirect the interest and principal payments from the pool of mortgages to shareholders. These payments can be further broken down into different classes of securities, depending on the riskiness of different mortgages as they are classified under the MBS.
From:www.investopeida.com

5.Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac:房貸巨頭「美國聯邦國民
抵押貸款協會」（Fannie Mae）及「美國聯邦住宅貸款抵押公司」（Freddie Mac），